October 30, 2025
Data visualization is the process of transforming raw data into visual formats, like charts, graphs, or maps, to make it easier to understand and interpret
Communicate results clearly and effectively
Supports evidence-based decisions across many fields.
+We will go over each function one at a time.
date births wday year month day_of_year day_of_month day_of_week
1 2015-01-01 8068 Thu 2015 1 1 1 5
2 2015-01-02 10850 Fri 2015 1 2 2 6
3 2015-01-03 8328 Sat 2015 1 3 3 7
4 2015-01-04 7065 Sun 2015 1 4 4 1
5 2015-01-05 11892 Mon 2015 1 5 5 2
6 2015-01-06 12425 Tue 2015 1 6 6 3
7 2015-01-07 12141 Wed 2015 1 7 7 4
8 2015-01-08 12094 Thu 2015 1 8 8 5
9 2015-01-09 11868 Fri 2015 1 9 9 6
10 2015-01-10 8014 Sat 2015 1 10 10 7
11 2015-01-11 7172 Sun 2015 1 11 11 1
12 2015-01-12 11479 Mon 2015 1 12 12 2
13 2015-01-13 11924 Tue 2015 1 13 13 3
14 2015-01-14 12013 Wed 2015 1 14 14 4
15 2015-01-15 12339 Thu 2015 1 15 15 5
16 2015-01-16 11861 Fri 2015 1 16 16 6
17 2015-01-17 8280 Sat 2015 1 17 17 7
18 2015-01-18 7195 Sun 2015 1 18 18 1
19 2015-01-19 10602 Mon 2015 1 19 19 2
20 2015-01-20 12242 Tue 2015 1 20 20 3
21 2015-01-21 12086 Wed 2015 1 21 21 4
22 2015-01-22 11949 Thu 2015 1 22 22 5
23 2015-01-23 11910 Fri 2015 1 23 23 6
24 2015-01-24 8235 Sat 2015 1 24 24 7
25 2015-01-25 7186 Sun 2015 1 25 25 1
26 2015-01-26 11728 Mon 2015 1 26 26 2
27 2015-01-27 11882 Tue 2015 1 27 27 3
28 2015-01-28 11602 Wed 2015 1 28 28 4
29 2015-01-29 11967 Thu 2015 1 29 29 5
30 2015-01-30 11571 Fri 2015 1 30 30 6
31 2015-01-31 7987 Sat 2015 1 31 31 7
32 2015-02-01 7139 Sun 2015 2 32 1 1
33 2015-02-02 11480 Mon 2015 2 33 2 2
34 2015-02-03 12079 Tue 2015 2 34 3 3
35 2015-02-04 11924 Wed 2015 2 35 4 4
36 2015-02-05 11821 Thu 2015 2 36 5 5
37 2015-02-06 11656 Fri 2015 2 37 6 6
38 2015-02-07 8285 Sat 2015 2 38 7 7
39 2015-02-08 7265 Sun 2015 2 39 8 1
40 2015-02-09 11937 Mon 2015 2 40 9 2
41 2015-02-10 12291 Tue 2015 2 41 10 3
42 2015-02-11 11911 Wed 2015 2 42 11 4
43 2015-02-12 12285 Thu 2015 2 43 12 5
44 2015-02-13 11321 Fri 2015 2 44 13 6
45 2015-02-14 8390 Sat 2015 2 45 14 7
46 2015-02-15 7508 Sun 2015 2 46 15 1
47 2015-02-16 11038 Mon 2015 2 47 16 2
48 2015-02-17 11952 Tue 2015 2 48 17 3
49 2015-02-18 12061 Wed 2015 2 49 18 4
50 2015-02-19 11968 Thu 2015 2 50 19 5
51 2015-02-20 11864 Fri 2015 2 51 20 6
52 2015-02-21 8343 Sat 2015 2 52 21 7
53 2015-02-22 7254 Sun 2015 2 53 22 1
54 2015-02-23 11260 Mon 2015 2 54 23 2
55 2015-02-24 11941 Tue 2015 2 55 24 3
56 2015-02-25 11828 Wed 2015 2 56 25 4
57 2015-02-26 11672 Thu 2015 2 57 26 5
58 2015-02-27 11596 Fri 2015 2 58 27 6
59 2015-02-28 7989 Sat 2015 2 59 28 7
60 2015-03-01 7273 Sun 2015 3 60 1 1
61 2015-03-02 11609 Mon 2015 3 61 2 2
62 2015-03-03 12402 Tue 2015 3 62 3 3
63 2015-03-04 11927 Wed 2015 3 63 4 4
64 2015-03-05 11681 Thu 2015 3 64 5 5
65 2015-03-06 11612 Fri 2015 3 65 6 6
66 2015-03-07 7980 Sat 2015 3 66 7 7
67 2015-03-08 6929 Sun 2015 3 67 8 1
68 2015-03-09 11678 Mon 2015 3 68 9 2
69 2015-03-10 12282 Tue 2015 3 69 10 3
70 2015-03-11 11850 Wed 2015 3 70 11 4
71 2015-03-12 12042 Thu 2015 3 71 12 5
72 2015-03-13 10940 Fri 2015 3 72 13 6
73 2015-03-14 8217 Sat 2015 3 73 14 7
74 2015-03-15 7202 Sun 2015 3 74 15 1
75 2015-03-16 11537 Mon 2015 3 75 16 2
76 2015-03-17 12312 Tue 2015 3 76 17 3
77 2015-03-18 11807 Wed 2015 3 77 18 4
78 2015-03-19 11721 Thu 2015 3 78 19 5
79 2015-03-20 12040 Fri 2015 3 79 20 6
80 2015-03-21 8080 Sat 2015 3 80 21 7
81 2015-03-22 7171 Sun 2015 3 81 22 1
82 2015-03-23 11674 Mon 2015 3 82 23 2
83 2015-03-24 12333 Tue 2015 3 83 24 3
84 2015-03-25 11872 Wed 2015 3 84 25 4
85 2015-03-26 12065 Thu 2015 3 85 26 5
86 2015-03-27 11629 Fri 2015 3 86 27 6
87 2015-03-28 8071 Sat 2015 3 87 28 7
88 2015-03-29 7125 Sun 2015 3 88 29 1
89 2015-03-30 11500 Mon 2015 3 89 30 2
90 2015-03-31 12362 Tue 2015 3 90 31 3
91 2015-04-01 11596 Wed 2015 4 91 1 4
92 2015-04-02 12296 Thu 2015 4 92 2 5
93 2015-04-03 11234 Fri 2015 4 93 3 6
94 2015-04-04 7981 Sat 2015 4 94 4 7
95 2015-04-05 6821 Sun 2015 4 95 5 1
96 2015-04-06 11455 Mon 2015 4 96 6 2
97 2015-04-07 12334 Tue 2015 4 97 7 3
98 2015-04-08 11976 Wed 2015 4 98 8 4
99 2015-04-09 11874 Thu 2015 4 99 9 5
100 2015-04-10 11724 Fri 2015 4 100 10 6
101 2015-04-11 8092 Sat 2015 4 101 11 7
102 2015-04-12 7141 Sun 2015 4 102 12 1
103 2015-04-13 11503 Mon 2015 4 103 13 2
104 2015-04-14 12309 Tue 2015 4 104 14 3
105 2015-04-15 11794 Wed 2015 4 105 15 4
106 2015-04-16 11947 Thu 2015 4 106 16 5
107 2015-04-17 11718 Fri 2015 4 107 17 6
108 2015-04-18 8028 Sat 2015 4 108 18 7
109 2015-04-19 7180 Sun 2015 4 109 19 1
110 2015-04-20 11513 Mon 2015 4 110 20 2
111 2015-04-21 12173 Tue 2015 4 111 21 3
112 2015-04-22 11917 Wed 2015 4 112 22 4
113 2015-04-23 11877 Thu 2015 4 113 23 5
114 2015-04-24 11749 Fri 2015 4 114 24 6
115 2015-04-25 8101 Sat 2015 4 115 25 7
116 2015-04-26 7178 Sun 2015 4 116 26 1
117 2015-04-27 11494 Mon 2015 4 117 27 2
118 2015-04-28 12221 Tue 2015 4 118 28 3
119 2015-04-29 11775 Wed 2015 4 119 29 4
120 2015-04-30 11831 Thu 2015 4 120 30 5
121 2015-05-01 12178 Fri 2015 5 121 1 6
122 2015-05-02 8075 Sat 2015 5 122 2 7
123 2015-05-03 7195 Sun 2015 5 123 3 1
124 2015-05-04 11724 Mon 2015 5 124 4 2
125 2015-05-05 12618 Tue 2015 5 125 5 3
126 2015-05-06 11924 Wed 2015 5 126 6 4
127 2015-05-07 11649 Thu 2015 5 127 7 5
128 2015-05-08 11810 Fri 2015 5 128 8 6
129 2015-05-09 8216 Sat 2015 5 129 9 7
130 2015-05-10 7246 Sun 2015 5 130 10 1
131 2015-05-11 11549 Mon 2015 5 131 11 2
132 2015-05-12 12400 Tue 2015 5 132 12 3
133 2015-05-13 11572 Wed 2015 5 133 13 4
134 2015-05-14 11793 Thu 2015 5 134 14 5
135 2015-05-15 12306 Fri 2015 5 135 15 6
136 2015-05-16 8337 Sat 2015 5 136 16 7
137 2015-05-17 7354 Sun 2015 5 137 17 1
138 2015-05-18 11708 Mon 2015 5 138 18 2
139 2015-05-19 12469 Tue 2015 5 139 19 3
140 2015-05-20 12352 Wed 2015 5 140 20 4
141 2015-05-21 12246 Thu 2015 5 141 21 5
142 2015-05-22 12147 Fri 2015 5 142 22 6
143 2015-05-23 8267 Sat 2015 5 143 23 7
144 2015-05-24 7261 Sun 2015 5 144 24 1
145 2015-05-25 7746 Mon 2015 5 145 25 2
146 2015-05-26 12242 Tue 2015 5 146 26 3
147 2015-05-27 12845 Wed 2015 5 147 27 4
148 2015-05-28 12722 Thu 2015 5 148 28 5
149 2015-05-29 12168 Fri 2015 5 149 29 6
150 2015-05-30 8431 Sat 2015 5 150 30 7
151 2015-05-31 7367 Sun 2015 5 151 31 1
152 2015-06-01 11793 Mon 2015 6 152 1 2
153 2015-06-02 11994 Tue 2015 6 153 2 3
154 2015-06-03 11890 Wed 2015 6 154 3 4
155 2015-06-04 11918 Thu 2015 6 155 4 5
156 2015-06-05 12303 Fri 2015 6 156 5 6
157 2015-06-06 8313 Sat 2015 6 157 6 7
158 2015-06-07 7230 Sun 2015 6 158 7 1
159 2015-06-08 11938 Mon 2015 6 159 8 2
160 2015-06-09 12479 Tue 2015 6 160 9 3
161 2015-06-10 12123 Wed 2015 6 161 10 4
162 2015-06-11 12029 Thu 2015 6 162 11 5
163 2015-06-12 12064 Fri 2015 6 163 12 6
164 2015-06-13 8104 Sat 2015 6 164 13 7
165 2015-06-14 7292 Sun 2015 6 165 14 1
166 2015-06-15 12348 Mon 2015 6 166 15 2
167 2015-06-16 12400 Tue 2015 6 167 16 3
168 2015-06-17 12192 Wed 2015 6 168 17 4
169 2015-06-18 12323 Thu 2015 6 169 18 5
170 2015-06-19 11767 Fri 2015 6 170 19 6
171 2015-06-20 8451 Sat 2015 6 171 20 7
172 2015-06-21 7580 Sun 2015 6 172 21 1
173 2015-06-22 11883 Mon 2015 6 173 22 2
174 2015-06-23 12351 Tue 2015 6 174 23 3
175 2015-06-24 12292 Wed 2015 6 175 24 4
176 2015-06-25 12416 Thu 2015 6 176 25 5
177 2015-06-26 12152 Fri 2015 6 177 26 6
178 2015-06-27 8652 Sat 2015 6 178 27 7
179 2015-06-28 7371 Sun 2015 6 179 28 1
180 2015-06-29 11961 Mon 2015 6 180 29 2
181 2015-06-30 12932 Tue 2015 6 181 30 3
182 2015-07-01 13033 Wed 2015 7 182 1 4
183 2015-07-02 13038 Thu 2015 7 183 2 5
184 2015-07-03 10375 Fri 2015 7 184 3 6
185 2015-07-04 7944 Sat 2015 7 185 4 7
186 2015-07-05 7164 Sun 2015 7 186 5 1
187 2015-07-06 12088 Mon 2015 7 187 6 2
188 2015-07-07 13426 Tue 2015 7 188 7 3
189 2015-07-08 12788 Wed 2015 7 189 8 4
190 2015-07-09 12517 Thu 2015 7 190 9 5
191 2015-07-10 12396 Fri 2015 7 191 10 6
192 2015-07-11 8769 Sat 2015 7 192 11 7
193 2015-07-12 7591 Sun 2015 7 193 12 1
194 2015-07-13 11835 Mon 2015 7 194 13 2
195 2015-07-14 12862 Tue 2015 7 195 14 3
196 2015-07-15 12853 Wed 2015 7 196 15 4
197 2015-07-16 12502 Thu 2015 7 197 16 5
198 2015-07-17 12291 Fri 2015 7 198 17 6
199 2015-07-18 8546 Sat 2015 7 199 18 7
200 2015-07-19 7681 Sun 2015 7 200 19 1
201 2015-07-20 12424 Mon 2015 7 201 20 2
202 2015-07-21 13264 Tue 2015 7 202 21 3
203 2015-07-22 12519 Wed 2015 7 203 22 4
204 2015-07-23 12852 Thu 2015 7 204 23 5
205 2015-07-24 12612 Fri 2015 7 205 24 6
206 2015-07-25 8748 Sat 2015 7 206 25 7
207 2015-07-26 7836 Sun 2015 7 207 26 1
208 2015-07-27 12416 Mon 2015 7 208 27 2
209 2015-07-28 13240 Tue 2015 7 209 28 3
210 2015-07-29 12739 Wed 2015 7 210 29 4
211 2015-07-30 12797 Thu 2015 7 211 30 5
212 2015-07-31 12269 Fri 2015 7 212 31 6
213 2015-08-01 8851 Sat 2015 8 213 1 7
214 2015-08-02 7907 Sun 2015 8 214 2 1
215 2015-08-03 12449 Mon 2015 8 215 3 2
216 2015-08-04 13149 Tue 2015 8 216 4 3
217 2015-08-05 12793 Wed 2015 8 217 5 4
218 2015-08-06 12872 Thu 2015 8 218 6 5
219 2015-08-07 12770 Fri 2015 8 219 7 6
220 2015-08-08 8956 Sat 2015 8 220 8 7
221 2015-08-09 7726 Sun 2015 8 221 9 1
222 2015-08-10 12333 Mon 2015 8 222 10 2
223 2015-08-11 13010 Tue 2015 8 223 11 3
224 2015-08-12 12960 Wed 2015 8 224 12 4
225 2015-08-13 12591 Thu 2015 8 225 13 5
226 2015-08-14 12861 Fri 2015 8 226 14 6
227 2015-08-15 8938 Sat 2015 8 227 15 7
228 2015-08-16 7896 Sun 2015 8 228 16 1
229 2015-08-17 12337 Mon 2015 8 229 17 2
230 2015-08-18 13197 Tue 2015 8 230 18 3
231 2015-08-19 12966 Wed 2015 8 231 19 4
232 2015-08-20 13002 Thu 2015 8 232 20 5
233 2015-08-21 12834 Fri 2015 8 233 21 6
234 2015-08-22 9153 Sat 2015 8 234 22 7
235 2015-08-23 7821 Sun 2015 8 235 23 1
236 2015-08-24 12274 Mon 2015 8 236 24 2
237 2015-08-25 13149 Tue 2015 8 237 25 3
238 2015-08-26 12729 Wed 2015 8 238 26 4
239 2015-08-27 12829 Thu 2015 8 239 27 5
240 2015-08-28 12719 Fri 2015 8 240 28 6
241 2015-08-29 8772 Sat 2015 8 241 29 7
242 2015-08-30 7805 Sun 2015 8 242 30 1
243 2015-08-31 12142 Mon 2015 8 243 31 2
244 2015-09-01 13231 Tue 2015 9 244 1 3
245 2015-09-02 12799 Wed 2015 9 245 2 4
246 2015-09-03 12839 Thu 2015 9 246 3 5
247 2015-09-04 12862 Fri 2015 9 247 4 6
248 2015-09-05 8950 Sat 2015 9 248 5 7
249 2015-09-06 7778 Sun 2015 9 249 6 1
250 2015-09-07 8127 Mon 2015 9 250 7 2
251 2015-09-08 12823 Tue 2015 9 251 8 3
252 2015-09-09 13949 Wed 2015 9 252 9 4
253 2015-09-10 13925 Thu 2015 9 253 10 5
254 2015-09-11 12295 Fri 2015 9 254 11 6
255 2015-09-12 9062 Sat 2015 9 255 12 7
256 2015-09-13 7900 Sun 2015 9 256 13 1
257 2015-09-14 12699 Mon 2015 9 257 14 2
258 2015-09-15 13439 Tue 2015 9 258 15 3
259 2015-09-16 13136 Wed 2015 9 259 16 4
260 2015-09-17 13319 Thu 2015 9 260 17 5
261 2015-09-18 13229 Fri 2015 9 261 18 6
262 2015-09-19 9195 Sat 2015 9 262 19 7
263 2015-09-20 8078 Sun 2015 9 263 20 1
264 2015-09-21 12567 Mon 2015 9 264 21 2
265 2015-09-22 13047 Tue 2015 9 265 22 3
266 2015-09-23 12595 Wed 2015 9 266 23 4
267 2015-09-24 12942 Thu 2015 9 267 24 5
268 2015-09-25 12792 Fri 2015 9 268 25 6
269 2015-09-26 8927 Sat 2015 9 269 26 7
270 2015-09-27 7778 Sun 2015 9 270 27 1
271 2015-09-28 12158 Mon 2015 9 271 28 2
272 2015-09-29 12791 Tue 2015 9 272 29 3
273 2015-09-30 12284 Wed 2015 9 273 30 4
274 2015-10-01 13043 Thu 2015 10 274 1 5
275 2015-10-02 12399 Fri 2015 10 275 2 6
276 2015-10-03 8579 Sat 2015 10 276 3 7
277 2015-10-04 7530 Sun 2015 10 277 4 1
278 2015-10-05 12166 Mon 2015 10 278 5 2
279 2015-10-06 12520 Tue 2015 10 279 6 3
280 2015-10-07 12429 Wed 2015 10 280 7 4
281 2015-10-08 12458 Thu 2015 10 281 8 5
282 2015-10-09 12282 Fri 2015 10 282 9 6
283 2015-10-10 8550 Sat 2015 10 283 10 7
284 2015-10-11 7571 Sun 2015 10 284 11 1
285 2015-10-12 11633 Mon 2015 10 285 12 2
286 2015-10-13 12094 Tue 2015 10 286 13 3
287 2015-10-14 12205 Wed 2015 10 287 14 4
288 2015-10-15 12522 Thu 2015 10 288 15 5
289 2015-10-16 11917 Fri 2015 10 289 16 6
290 2015-10-17 8233 Sat 2015 10 290 17 7
291 2015-10-18 7211 Sun 2015 10 291 18 1
292 2015-10-19 11388 Mon 2015 10 292 19 2
293 2015-10-20 12500 Tue 2015 10 293 20 3
294 2015-10-21 12093 Wed 2015 10 294 21 4
295 2015-10-22 12013 Thu 2015 10 295 22 5
296 2015-10-23 11942 Fri 2015 10 296 23 6
297 2015-10-24 8239 Sat 2015 10 297 24 7
298 2015-10-25 7288 Sun 2015 10 298 25 1
299 2015-10-26 11923 Mon 2015 10 299 26 2
300 2015-10-27 12485 Tue 2015 10 300 27 3
301 2015-10-28 12266 Wed 2015 10 301 28 4
302 2015-10-29 11950 Thu 2015 10 302 29 5
303 2015-10-30 11529 Fri 2015 10 303 30 6
304 2015-10-31 8049 Sat 2015 10 304 31 7
305 2015-11-01 7731 Sun 2015 11 305 1 1
306 2015-11-02 12236 Mon 2015 11 306 2 2
307 2015-11-03 12524 Tue 2015 11 307 3 3
308 2015-11-04 12279 Wed 2015 11 308 4 4
309 2015-11-05 12452 Thu 2015 11 309 5 5
310 2015-11-06 11909 Fri 2015 11 310 6 6
311 2015-11-07 8517 Sat 2015 11 311 7 7
312 2015-11-08 7324 Sun 2015 11 312 8 1
313 2015-11-09 11688 Mon 2015 11 313 9 2
314 2015-11-10 12451 Tue 2015 11 314 10 3
315 2015-11-11 12311 Wed 2015 11 315 11 4
316 2015-11-12 12329 Thu 2015 11 316 12 5
317 2015-11-13 11643 Fri 2015 11 317 13 6
318 2015-11-14 8221 Sat 2015 11 318 14 7
319 2015-11-15 7378 Sun 2015 11 319 15 1
320 2015-11-16 11791 Mon 2015 11 320 16 2
321 2015-11-17 12321 Tue 2015 11 321 17 3
322 2015-11-18 12230 Wed 2015 11 322 18 4
323 2015-11-19 12504 Thu 2015 11 323 19 5
324 2015-11-20 12495 Fri 2015 11 324 20 6
325 2015-11-21 8392 Sat 2015 11 325 21 7
326 2015-11-22 7427 Sun 2015 11 326 22 1
327 2015-11-23 12419 Mon 2015 11 327 23 2
328 2015-11-24 13051 Tue 2015 11 328 24 3
329 2015-11-25 11745 Wed 2015 11 329 25 4
330 2015-11-26 7332 Thu 2015 11 330 26 5
331 2015-11-27 8942 Fri 2015 11 331 27 6
332 2015-11-28 7734 Sat 2015 11 332 28 7
333 2015-11-29 7230 Sun 2015 11 333 29 1
334 2015-11-30 12214 Mon 2015 11 334 30 2
335 2015-12-01 13185 Tue 2015 12 335 1 3
336 2015-12-02 12708 Wed 2015 12 336 2 4
337 2015-12-03 12281 Thu 2015 12 337 3 5
338 2015-12-04 11828 Fri 2015 12 338 4 6
339 2015-12-05 8262 Sat 2015 12 339 5 7
340 2015-12-06 7194 Sun 2015 12 340 6 1
341 2015-12-07 11567 Mon 2015 12 341 7 2
342 2015-12-08 12328 Tue 2015 12 342 8 3
343 2015-12-09 11857 Wed 2015 12 343 9 4
344 2015-12-10 12259 Thu 2015 12 344 10 5
345 2015-12-11 11406 Fri 2015 12 345 11 6
346 2015-12-12 8073 Sat 2015 12 346 12 7
347 2015-12-13 7262 Sun 2015 12 347 13 1
348 2015-12-14 11753 Mon 2015 12 348 14 2
349 2015-12-15 12437 Tue 2015 12 349 15 3
350 2015-12-16 12282 Wed 2015 12 350 16 4
351 2015-12-17 12339 Thu 2015 12 351 17 5
352 2015-12-18 12247 Fri 2015 12 352 18 6
353 2015-12-19 8368 Sat 2015 12 353 19 7
354 2015-12-20 7361 Sun 2015 12 354 20 1
355 2015-12-21 12692 Mon 2015 12 355 21 2
356 2015-12-22 13131 Tue 2015 12 356 22 3
357 2015-12-23 11595 Wed 2015 12 357 23 4
358 2015-12-24 8714 Thu 2015 12 358 24 5
359 2015-12-25 6515 Fri 2015 12 359 25 6
360 2015-12-26 7294 Sat 2015 12 360 26 7
361 2015-12-27 7518 Sun 2015 12 361 27 1
362 2015-12-28 13100 Mon 2015 12 362 28 2
363 2015-12-29 13458 Tue 2015 12 363 29 3
364 2015-12-30 13100 Wed 2015 12 364 30 4
365 2015-12-31 11608 Thu 2015 12 365 31 5
Obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality, 2015 data.
Two Questions:
What do we want R to do? (What is the goal?)
What does R need to know?
Goal: scatterplot = a plot with points
What does R need to know?
data source: Births2015
aesthetics:
date -> xbirths -> ypoints
What has changed?
Now there are two layers: one with points and one with lines
The layers are placed one on top of the other: the points are below and the lines are above.
data and aes specified in ggplot() affect all geoms
This is mapping the color aesthetic to a new variable with only one value (“navy”).
So all the dots get set to the same color, but it’s not navy.
If we want to set the color to be navy for all of the dots, we do it outside the aes() designation:
color = "navy" is now outside of the aesthetics list. That’s how ggplot2 distinguishes between mapping and setting.ggplot() establishes the default data and aesthetics for the geoms, but each geom may change these defaults.
good practice: put into ggplot() the things that affect all (or most) of the layers; rest in geom_XXXX()
Information gets passed to the plot via:
map the variable information inside the aes (aesthetic) command
set the non-variable information outside the aes (aesthetic) command
geom_*() types [1] "geom_abline" "geom_area" "geom_ash"
[4] "geom_bar" "geom_bin_2d" "geom_bin2d"
[7] "geom_blank" "geom_boxplot" "geom_col"
[10] "geom_contour" "geom_contour_filled" "geom_count"
[13] "geom_crossbar" "geom_curve" "geom_density"
[16] "geom_density_2d" "geom_density_2d_filled" "geom_density2d"
[19] "geom_density2d_filled" "geom_dotplot" "geom_errorbar"
[22] "geom_errorbarh" "geom_freqpoly" "geom_function"
[25] "geom_hex" "geom_histogram" "geom_hline"
[28] "geom_jitter" "geom_label" "geom_line"
[31] "geom_linerange" "geom_lm" "geom_map"
[34] "geom_path" "geom_point" "geom_pointrange"
[37] "geom_polygon" "geom_qq" "geom_qq_line"
[40] "geom_quantile" "geom_rangeframe" "geom_raster"
[43] "geom_rect" "geom_ribbon" "geom_rug"
[46] "geom_segment" "geom_sf" "geom_sf_label"
[49] "geom_sf_text" "geom_smooth" "geom_spline"
[52] "geom_spoke" "geom_step" "geom_text"
[55] "geom_tile" "geom_tufteboxplot" "geom_violin"
[58] "geom_vline"
geom_*() picsgeom_*() helphelp pages will tell you their aesthetics, default stats, etc.
geom_areageom_areaMost (all?) graphics are intended to help us make comparisons
Key plot metric
Does my plot make the comparisons I am interested in:
geom() functionsHELPrct: Health Evaluation and Linkage to Primary care randomized clinical trial. Subjects admitted for treatment for addiction to one of three substances.
| age | anysubstatus | anysub | cesd | d1 | daysanysub | dayslink | drugrisk | e2b | female | sex | g1b | homeless | i1 | i2 | id | indtot | linkstatus | link | mcs | pcs | pss_fr | racegrp | satreat | sexrisk | substance | treat | avg_drinks | max_drinks | hospitalizations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37 | 1 | yes | 49 | 3 | 177 | 225 | 0 | NA | 0 | male | yes | housed | 13 | 26 | 1 | 39 | 1 | yes | 25.111990 | 58.41369 | 0 | black | no | 4 | cocaine | yes | 13 | 26 | 3 |
| 37 | 1 | yes | 30 | 22 | 2 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | male | yes | homeless | 56 | 62 | 2 | 43 | NA | NA | 26.670307 | 36.03694 | 1 | white | no | 7 | alcohol | yes | 56 | 62 | 22 |
| 26 | 1 | yes | 39 | 0 | 3 | 365 | 20 | NA | 0 | male | no | housed | 0 | 0 | 3 | 41 | 0 | no | 6.762923 | 74.80633 | 13 | black | no | 2 | heroin | no | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 39 | 1 | yes | 15 | 2 | 189 | 343 | 0 | 1 | 1 | female | no | housed | 5 | 5 | 4 | 28 | 0 | no | 43.967880 | 61.93168 | 11 | white | yes | 4 | heroin | no | 5 | 5 | 2 |
| 32 | 1 | yes | 39 | 12 | 2 | 57 | 0 | 1 | 0 | male | no | homeless | 10 | 13 | 5 | 38 | 1 | yes | 21.675755 | 37.34558 | 10 | black | no | 6 | cocaine | no | 10 | 13 | 12 |
| 47 | 1 | yes | 6 | 1 | 31 | 365 | 0 | NA | 1 | female | no | housed | 4 | 4 | 6 | 29 | 0 | no | 55.508991 | 46.47521 | 5 | black | no | 5 | cocaine | yes | 4 | 4 | 1 |
`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value `binwidth`.
Notice the messages
stat_bin: Histograms are not mapping the raw data but binned data.
stat_bin() performs the data transformation.
binwidth: a default binwidth has been selected, but we should really choose our own.
Every geom comes with a default stat
stat_identity() which does nothingEvery stat comes with a default geom, every geom with a default stat
Using color and linetype:
Boxplots use stat_quantile() (five number summary).
The quantitative variable must be y, and there must be an additional x variable.
Horizontal boxplots are obtained by flipping the coordinate system:
coord_flip() may be used with other plots as well to reverse the roles of x and y on the plot.We can scale the continuous axis
We’ve triggered a new feature: dodge (for dodging things left/right). We can control how much if we set the dodge manually.
[1] 10000 76
One way to deal with overplotting is to set the opacity low.
Alternatively (or simultaneously) we might prefer a different geom altogether.
coords (coord_flip() is good to know about)
themes (for customizing appearance)
position (position_dodge(), position_jitterdodge(), position_stack(), etc.)
transforming axes
jitterdodge()ggplot(data = HELP_data, aes(x = substance, y = age, color = children)) +
geom_boxplot(coef = 10, position = position_dodge(width=1)) +
geom_point(aes(fill = children), alpha=.5,
position = position_jitterdodge(dodge.width=1, jitter.width = 0.2)) +
facet_wrap(~homeless) +
labs(title = "HELP clinical trial at detoxification unit")R for Data Science by Hadley Wickham and Garrett Grolemund